How Do You Know if a Trait Is Sex Linked
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Which of the following is true about alleles?
Possible Answers:
Every organism of a given species has a different set up of alleles from every other individual of that species
All genes have 2 alleles
Alleles are ever dominant or recessive
Alleles are dissimilar forms of a given gene
Alleles are only inherited from the mother
Correct answer:
Alleles are different forms of a given gene
Explanation:
Alleles are defined every bit "alternative forms of a given gene." Though Mendelian genetics tells u.s. that the platonic model of a cistron has just 2 alleles, dominant and recessive, nosotros know this is not always the example, from things like codominance (blood type) and others. Some characteristics are defined by a combination of several alleles with varying weight of expression. Alleles on autosomes are inherited from both parents, simply alleles in mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic acid are inherited from the female parent only. Twins are an example of organisms with identical alleles, and so the answers claiming that all organisms have different alleles is false.
In this pedigree, afflicted individuals have a disease causing the inability to walk forward, chosenIllness J. Assume all individuals whose alleles cannot exist determined do not carry the allele for the disease (are non heterozygous).
How isIllness J inherited?
Possible Answers:
10-linked recessive
Autosomal dominant
Autosomal recessive
Ten-linked dominant
Correct answer:
Autosomal dominant
Caption:
The first generation shows an affected father and an unaffected mother. They produce both affected and unaffected children in the second generation, meaning that the disease cannot be recessive; if information technology were recessive, none of the 2nd generation could exist affected due to ascendant alleles inherited from the female parent. We tin as well conclude that the affected father is heterozygous.
Knowing that the trait is dominant, we must determine if it is autosomal or sexual practice-linked. The trait can affect females, and then it cannot exist on the Y chromosome. The female in the second generation is affected, even though her mother is not, meaning she must exist heterozygous. If the trait is on the X chromosome, information technology will exist passed from the afflicted father to all female offspring, significant that both females in the second generation would exist affected. Considering 1 female is not afflicted, she must have inherited an unaffected autosomal allele from the heterozygous male parent.
As such, the allele for the affliction must exist autosomal dominant.
If an autosomal trait skips a generation, information technology ___________; however, if an autosomal trait does not skip a generation, it ___________.
Possible Answers:
can be either recessive or ascendant . . . must be dominant
must be dominant . . . tin can be either recessive or dominant
must be recessive . . . can be either recessive or dominant
tin can be either recessive or ascendant . . . must exist recessive
Correct answer:
must be recessive . . . can be either recessive or dominant
Explanation:
If an autosomal trait skips a generation, information technology must exist recessive; however, if an autosomal trait does not skip a generation, it can exist either recessive or dominant.
These concepts can exist hands seen when outlined via a full-blooded assay. A dominant trait cannot skip a generation; any presence of the allele volition atomic number 82 to expression, thus if the trait is not expressed in a given generation, it cannot be passed downwards (cannot skip). A recessive allele can be masked by carriers and reappear in a afterward generation.
Which of the following statements about X-linked traits is truthful?
Possible Answers:
None of the other choices are correct
There are more than genetic diseases carried by the Y chromosome than the Ten chromosome
They generally affect more males than females
They tin can be passed from father to son
Correct answer:
They generally affect more than males than females
Explanation:
Because males only have one X chromosome, while females accept two, they are more likely to be affected by a problematic X chromosome. Females tin mask recessive 10-linked alleles every bit carriers; males will express all alleles on their singular Ten chromosome.
Males simply laissez passer on a Y chromosome to their sons, so it is incommunicable for them to laissez passer an X-linked trait to a son. Furthermore, Y chromosomes are well-nigh free of contributing to inheritance-linked diseases.
Scientists have characterized a new genetic disorder that only affects males. What is the most likely explanation of how this disorder is passed from generation to generation?
Possible Answers:
Inheritance of the female parent's Y-chromosome
Abnormal testosterone levels
Inheritance of the male parent's Y-chromosome
Epigenetic inheritance
Right answer:
Inheritance of the father's Y-chromosome
Caption:
If merely males brandish the disorder, it is most likely a Y-linked genetic disorder. The but possible way to inherit this disease, then, would exist through the inheritance of the father'due south Y-chromosome.
Women have 2 Ten-chromosomes, i from each parent, and could not possibly pass down the disorder.
Epigenetic inheritance could potentially explain a genetic disorder, simply, if this were the case, it should non differentiate betwixt males and females. Abnormal testosterone levels may exist a result of the disorder, but they practice no explicate how the disorder is inherited.
Individuals with Klinefelter syndrome are phenotypically male, but feel reduced sperm production and chest development in boyhood. Klinefelter individuals have 2 X-chromosomes and 1 Y-chromosome (they are XXY instead of XY). What meiotic error gives rise to this status?
Possible Answers:
Polyploidy
Translocation
Monosomy
Aneuploidy
Duplication
Correct answer:
Aneuploidy
Caption:
Aneuploidy is a chromosomal condition in which there are an abnormal number of chromosomes in the cells of the body. Aneuploidy typically refers to monosomy (1 chromosome copy) or trisomy (iii chromosome copies), and arises due to nondisjunction during meiosis and gametogenesis. Nondisjuction causes 1 girl cell to receive three or four chromatids, and the other to receive ane or zip. If this gamete is used to grade a zygote, all cells in the resulting offspring will carry the abnormal chromosome number.
Translocation occurs when chromosomal fragments join non-homologous chromosomes. Polyploidy is a condition in which a cell has more than two consummate chromosomal sets; in this example, simply one set of chromosomes carries 3 copies. Duplication is the presence of additional segments within a single chromosome.
Ruby-light-green colorblindness is an X-linked recessive disorder. Which of the following scenarios is not a possible method by which this disorder can be inherited?
Possible Answers:
A colorblind mother and normal begetter have a daughter who is a carrier for the status
A genotypically normal mother and a colorblind father accept a son who is also colorblind
A carrier mother and a colorblind male parent have a daughter who is built-in colorblind
A carrier mother and a normal male parent have a son who is born with colorblindness
Right answer:
A genotypically normal mother and a colorblind male parent have a son who is also colorblind
Explanation:
10-linked disorders are inherited when a parent passes on his or her X-chromosome. Since females have two X-chromosomes, they are less likely to exhibit symptoms of a recessive disorder than males, who take but one. Females are capable of conveying a recessive X-linked trait without expressing it, while males are not. A male must inherit his Y-chromosome from the father and an X-chromosome from the mother, while a female must inherit Ten-chromosomes from both parents.
If a genotypically healthy mother and a colorblind father accept a son, then this child must inherit an X-chromosome from the female parent and a Y-chromosome from the father. The mother's chromosome are both genotypically normal, and do not possess the colorblind allele. This means that the son cannot perhaps inherit a colorblind allele if the mother is genotypically normal.
All other presented answer represent scenarios that are possible.
Colorblindness is a recessive X-linked disorder. A genotypically normal man and a colorblind woman take ii sons and ane daughter. What is the probability that one son is colorblind and the other two children are phenotypically normal?
Correct answer:
Explanation:
The Punnett square below represents the couple'southward possible offspring, with the mother having genotype
Since the disorder is X-linked, nosotros know that any sons will necessarily inherit an affected allele from the mother. Whatever daughters will inherit an 
The question states that the couple had two sons and i daughter, and asks the probability that 1 son is colorblind, 1 son is normal, and 1 girl is colorblind. These probabilities are 100%, 0%, and 100%, respectively.
There is a 0% chance that this combination of children is possible.
In this pedigree, affected individuals accept a affliction causing the person to exist built-in with feathers instead of hair, called Affliction P. Presume all individuals whose alleles cannot be determined do not carry the allele for the disease (are not heterozygous).
Affliction P in the figure above is inherited in what manner?
Possible Answers:
Autosomal recessive
Ten-linked recessive
X-linked dominant
The fashion of inheritance cannot be adamant
Autosomal dominant
Right respond:
Ten-linked recessive
Explanation:
The starting time generation shows the states a father with the disease and a mother without the disease. They produce three children, none of whom have the affliction. Knowing that they practice not have the disease allows us to eliminate dominant from consideration. In gild for the 3rd generation to be affected, the mother from the second generation must be a carrier. In the tertiary generation, nosotros run into that the carrier mother has a male person kid with the disease with a father who does non have the disease. The boy will inherit the Y chromosome from his father, but must receive an X chromosome from the female parent. He inherits the affliction on this X chromosome.
Were the disease autosomal recessive, the father of the third generation child would need to be afflicted in guild for him to inherit the trait. The disease must exist 10-linked recessive.
In flies, red eyes is a wildtype trait with the allele
A wild type parent and a white-eyed parent are crossed. 50% of daughters have white eyes and 50% of sons have white eyes.
What are the genotypes of the parents?
Possible Answers:
Mother:
Father:
Mother:
Begetter:
Mother:
Father:
Mother:
Begetter:
Mother:
Begetter:
Correct reply:
Mother:
Male parent:
Explanation:
We know that cerise optics are the ascendant allele, which means white eyes are the recessive allele. Both sexes of offspring present the recessive allele. It is especially important to note that the daughters can limited the recessive allele. This means that theymust have inherited 1 recessive allele from each parent, while the sons must have inherited the recessive allele from the mother (they inherit the Y-chromosome from the father).
White-centre daughters:
White-eye sons:
Each parent must accept at least 1 recessive, white-middle allele. Since the father has just one X-chromosome, this chromosome must behave the white heart allele. We know that they begetter must have white eyes.
Father:
Since ane parent has white eyes and the other has red eyes, we know the female parent must have cerise eyes. She also carries the recessive allele, meaning that she is heterozygous.
Female parent:
From this cross, nosotros are able to get the percentages reported in the question. 50% of daughters volition have cherry optics and 50% will have white. The same percentages will exist seen for the sons.
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